GABA-Induced Ca Signaling in Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes

نویسنده

  • Silke D. Meier
چکیده

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature mammalian brain, is excitatory for neurons during early development upon GABAA receptor activation. In astrocytes, GABA induces intracellular Ca2+ transients by activation of both, GABAA and GABAB receptors. GABAB receptor-mediated [Ca]i increases are involved in neuron-glia interaction by potentiating inhibitory synaptic transmission (Kang et al., 1998) and by causing heterosynaptic depression (Serrano et al., 2006). Given that GABAB receptors couple to Gi/o proteins in neurons and inhibit presynaptic Ca2+ channels, the observed [Ca]i increase in astrocytes is an unexpected finding. Hence, the aims of the present study were (1) to elucidate the mechanism of GABA-induced Ca2+ transients in astrocytes and (2) to establish a developmental profile of astrocytic Ca2+ responses. To this end, I performed Ca2+ imaging with Fura-2 in combination with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in acute rat hippocampal slices. For the identification of astrocytes, I adapted a method which had originally been introduced for the identification of cortical astrocytes in vivo (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004). Astrocytes were stained with the red fluorescent dye sulforhodamine 101 (SR101). The specificity of SR101 for astrocytes in acute hippocampal slices at young postnatal stages (P03 and P15) was confirmed with electrophysiological recordings. Local pressure application of GABA (100 ms, 1 mM) to SR101-positive cells induced intracellular Ca2+ transients, which were mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors. Muscimol, a specific GABAA receptor agonist, depolarized astrocytes and resulted in Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, confirming earlier studies. This mechanism was the same throughout the developmental period investigated (P03 and P15). GABAB receptor activation, in contrast, resulted in delayed Ca2+ transients that were due to G-protein activation and Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. An interaction of GABAB receptors with metabotropic glutamate receptors, as has been described in the cerebellum (Hirono et al., 2001; Tabata et al., 2004), might also be the case in hippocampal astrocytes. While GABAAR-activation induced Ca2+ transients in 70-100% of astrocytes throughout development (P03 to P33±1), GABAB-R-mediated Ca2+ signaling exhibited a clear developmental profile. The amount of astrocytes responding with a [Ca]i increase upon GABAB receptor-activation showed a bell-shaped distribution with a maximum of 60% of cells responding during the second postnatal week (P11 to P15). This developmental profile of GABAB receptor-mediated Ca2+ transients suggests that astrocytes play a role during postnatal maturation of the hippocampal network. Zusammenfassung GABA (γ-Aminobuttersäure), der bedeutendste inhibitorische Neurotransmitter im adulten Gehirn, wirkt während früher Entwicklungsphasen über GABAA-Rezeptoren exzitatorisch auf Neurone. In Astrozyten führt sowohl die Aktivierung von GABAAals auch GABAB-Rezeptoren zu einer Erhöhung der intrazellulären Kalziumkonzentration ([Ca]i). Diese Ca2+Transienten können zur Transmitterfreisetzung führen, weshalb sie bei GliaNeuron-Interaktionen eine Rolle spielen. Die Aktivierung von GABABRezeptoren in Astrozyten führt zu heterosynaptischer Depression (Serrano et al., 2006) sowie zur Potenzierung inhibitorischer Neurotransmission (Kang et al., 1998). Die durch GABAB-Rezeptoraktivierung entstehenden [Ca]i-Erhöhungen in Astrozyten sind ungewöhnlich, da neuronale GABAB-Rezeptoren an Gi/o-Proteine binden und in Neuronen allenfalls eine [Ca]i-Erniedrigung hervorrufen. Die vorliegende Studie hatte die Zielsetzung, den Mechanismus GABA-induzierter Ca2+-Signale in Astrozyten des Hippokampus zu ergründen, und die entstehenden [Ca]iErhöhungen während der postnatalen Entwicklung zu charakterisieren. Hierzu wurden Fluoreszensmessungen mit Fura-2 durchgeführt, sowie elektrophysiologische Methoden angewendet. Für die Identifizierung von Astrozyten wurde eine Methode modifiziert, welche ursprünglich für die Identifizierung von kortikalen Astrozyten in vivo eingeführt worden war (Nimmerjahn et al., 2004): Astrozyten in akuten Hirnschnitten von 3 bis 33 Tage alten Ratten wurden durch Färbung mit Sulforhodamin 101 (SR101) identifiziert und die Spezifität von SR101 für Astrozyten mittels elektrophysiologischer Charakterisierung bestätigt. Lokale GABA-Applikationen (100 ms, 100 μM) lösten [Ca]i-Erhöhungen in Astrozyten aus, welche sowohl von GABAAals auch GABAB-Rezeptoren vermittelt wurden. GABAA-Rezeptoraktivierung mit Muscimol depolarisierte Astrozyten und führte zu einem Ca2+-Einstrom durch spannungsabhängige Ca2+-Kanäle. Dieser Mechanismus blieb während der gesamten Entwicklung erhalten und löste in 70-100% der Astrozyten Ca2+-Transienten aus. GABABRezeptoraktivierung führte zu G-Proteinaktivierung und IP3-vermittelter Ca2+-Freisetzung aus intrazellulären Speichern. Eine Interaktion zwischen GABAB-Rezeptoren und metabotropen Glutamatrezeptoren, wie im Zerebellum beschrieben (Hirono et al., 2001; Tabata et al., 2004), konnte nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Interessanterweise bestanden bei GABAB-Rezeptorabhängigen [Ca]i-Erhöhungen deutliche Unterschiede während der Entwicklung: Die Anzahl der reagierenden Zellen zeigte eine glockenförmige Verteilung, wobei während der zweiten postnatalen Woche (P11 bis P15) ein Maximum von ca. 60% aller Astrozyten reagierte. Diese Veränderungen implizieren eine Rolle von Astrozyten während der postnatalen Entwicklung neuronaler Netzwerke.

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تاریخ انتشار 2007